in horizontal courses

— aircraft maintenance course

— alter course

— approach course

— aural course

— balladromic course

— ballistic course

— be on course

— beacon course

— beam-rider course

— bend the courses

— best time course

— brachydromic course

— canned course

— circuitous course

— clinodromic course

— clock course

— collision course

— combat course

— compass course

— computed course

— constant-bearing course

— controlled course

— conversion course

— course made good

— desired course

— deviated pursuit course

— dog course

— dogleg course

— downward course

— false course

— flight course

— fly on course

— get on course

— goal course

— great-circle course

— grid course

— groundspeed course

— head-on course

— holding course

— homing course

— horizontal course

— inbound course

— instrument course

— intercept course

— knock off course

— lead-angle course

— lead-collision course

— lead-pursuit course

— line-of-sight course

— localizer course

— magnetic course

— maintain course

— modified pursuit course

— navigational course

— nose-to-nose course

— opposite courses

— orientation course

— outbound course

— penetration course

— planned course

— plot course

— precollision course

— pre-computed course

— predetermined course

— predicted course

— preset course

— proceed on course

— programed course

— proportional navigation course

— pure pursuit course

— radio course

— reciprocal course

— refresher course

— reverse course

— reversed course

— rhumb-line course

— scheduled course

— set course

— single-drift correction course

— single-heading course

— specified course

— speed course

— square course

— squeeze the courses

— straight line course

— take course

— teardrop course

— technical training course

— test pilot course

— tomodromic course

— track course

— true course

— unguided course

— upward course

— veer off course

— visual course

— washboard course

— zig-zag course

1 orientation, guidance, pointing, positioning.

2 direction, bearing.

3 direction finding, positioning.

4 orientation, awareness of your environment.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (capacidad) sense of direction

2 (de un edificio) aspect

■ la casa tiene orientación sur the house faces south

3 (dirección) orientation, direction; (tendencia) leanings plural, tendency

4 (guía) guidance, orientation

\

orientación profesional career guidance, vocational guidance

* * *

1) orientation

2) direction

3) guidance

* * *

1) [de casa] aspect; [de habitación] position, orientation; (=dirección) direction

2) (=guía) guidance, orientation

3) (Dep) orienteering

* * *

1) (de habitación, edificio) aspect (frml)

2) (enfoque, dirección) orientation

3) ( guía) guidance, direction; ( acción de guiar) orientation

- orientación profesional or vocacional

4) ( en un lugar) bearings (pl)

* * *

= orientation, slant, advice, outlook, orienteering, wayfinding, bearing, targeting, centredness, bent of mind.

Ex. A summary at the end of a document is intended to complete the orientation of the reader, and to identify the significant ideas for the reader to remember.

Ex. The 7th edition of CC is due to appear in 1971, and Ranganathan has given an extensive preview in an article in Library Science with a slant to documentation, cited at the end of this chapter.

Ex. A large part of the work of information and advice has been the interpretation of people's eligibility for welfare benefits and other social services.

Ex. In their first review article of children's reference books in 1982, the School Library Journal's Review Committe for children's reference books presents a bleak outlook.

Ex. There are certain types of subject matter better suited to the nonbook format for which no subject heading exists, such as kits designed to develop orienteering.

Ex. The author identifies the architectural barriers in library buildings facing disabled users with particular reference to wayfinding and the provision of suitable signage.

Ex. When the real reading starts the mind, as a result of this skim, already has its bearings and so works more effectively.

Ex. An analysis of customers in terms of benefits can inform effective segmentation, which in turn can lead to more efficient targeting of resources.

Ex. The principles of learner centredness and constructivism provided the bases for the design of synchronous activities such as student moderated seminars in this study.

Ex. Only when students have a scientific bent of mind, will a community and a country grow.

----

* cambiar de orientación = reposition [re-position].

* cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.

* centro de orientación = referral centre.

* con una orientación profesional = career-focused.

* con una orientación social = socially-oriented.

* con una orientación temática específica = subject-oriented.

* de orientación = directional.

* desorientación = disorientation.

* orientación académica = educational guidance.

* orientación a la lectura = readers' guidance.

* orientación bibliográfica = bibliographic instruction (BI).

* orientación hacia el hombre = human-centredness [human-centeredness, -USA].

* orientación profesional = careers guidance, vocational guidance, career guidance, career education, career planning, careers education, career information.

* orientación sexual = sexual orientation.

* orientación sobre salidas profesionales = career guidance.

* programa de orientación = orientation programme.

* programa de orientación bibliográfica = bibliographic instruction program(me).

* servicio de orientación = referral service, advisory service.

* servicio de orientación al lector = readers' advisory service point, readers' advisory service.

* * *

1) (de habitación, edificio) aspect (frml)

2) (enfoque, dirección) orientation

3) ( guía) guidance, direction; ( acción de guiar) orientation

- orientación profesional or vocacional

4) ( en un lugar) bearings (pl)

* * *

* * *

A (de una habitación, un edificio) aspect ( frml)

¿cuál es la orientación de la casa? which way does the house face?

la orientación de la antena the way the antenna is pointing

la orientación de las placas solares the way o direction the solar panels are facing

1 (enfoque, dirección) orientation

le dio una orientación práctica al curso he gave the course a practical bias, he oriented o ( BrE) orientated the course along practical lines

la nueva orientación del partido the party's new direction

2 (inclinación) leaning

C (en un lugar) bearings (pl)

perdí la orientación I lost my bearings

sentido² (↑ sentido (2))

1 (guía, consejo) guidance, direction

2 (acción de guiar) orientation

(para colegiales, estudiantes) vocational guidance, careers advice; (para desempleados) career guidance o advice

sexual orientation

discriminar sobre la base de la orientación sexual to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation

* * *

a) (de habitación, edificio) aspect (frml);

◊ ¿cuál es la orientación de la casa? which way does the house face?;

b) (enfoque, dirección) orientation

c) ( guía) guidance, direction;

◊ orientación profesional ( para estudiantes) vocational guidance, careers advice;

d) ( en un lugar) bearings (pl)

* * *

orientación nf

1. [dirección] [acción] guiding;

sentido de la orientación sense of direction

2. [posicionamiento] [acción] positioning;

una casa con orientación al oeste a house that faces west;

hay que ajustar la orientación del sensor the position o angle of the sensor needs adjusting;

¿cuál tiene que ser la orientación de la antena? which way should the aerial be pointing?

3. [enfoque] orientation;

le dieron una orientación práctica al curso the course had a practical bias o slant

4. [información] guidance, advice;

algunas orientaciones some guidance

orientación profesional careers advice o guidance, career counselling;

5. [tendencia] tendency, leaning;

un partido con una orientación liberal a party with liberal leanings o tendencies

6. [deporte de aventura] orienteering

* * *

1 orientation

2 ( ayuda) guidance

sentido de la orientación sense of direction

* * *

orientación nf, pl - ciones

1) : orientation

2) dirección: direction, course

3) guía: guidance, direction

* * *

orientación n aspect

1. adj flat

2. adv ( adagio) slowly

( a voce bassa) quietly, in a low voice

3. m plan

( pianura) plane

di edificio floor

music piano

piano rialzato mezzanine (floor)

primo piano foreground

photography close-up

* * *

piano¹ agg.

1 flat, level, even: paese piano, flat country; strada piana, level road; superficie piana, level (o even) surface; terreno piano, level ground // mettere in piano, to lay flat // corsa piana, flat race; correre i 400 metri piani, to run the 400 metres flat race

2 ( liscio) smooth: pietra piana, smooth stone

3 ( chiaro, intelligibile) clear, plain: scrittura piana, clear handwriting

4 ( semplice) simple: parole umili e piane, simple and humble words // messa piana, low mass

5 (mat.) plane: geometria piana, plane geometry; curva piana, plane curve

6 (gramm.) paroxytone

7 (mus.) piano.

piano² avv.

1 ( sommessamente) softly, quietly: puoi suonare un po' più piano, per favore?, could you play more quietly please?; fa' piano, altrimenti lo svegli, don't make a noise or you'll wake him up; parla così piano che non lo sento, he speaks in such a low voice (o so low) that I can't hear him

2 (mus.) piano

3 ( lentamente) slowly, slow: va' piano, go slowly; camminare piano, to walk slowly; la nebbia si diradò pian piano, the fog gradually dispersed; sto cominciando pian piano a capire, I'm just beginning to understand; pian piano ci riuscirò, little by little I shall succeed in it // chi va piano va sano e va lontano, (prov.) slow and steady wins the race

4 ( con cautela) gently, carefully: fa' piano, ché lo strappi, be careful or you'll tear it; sollevalo piano perché si rompe facilmente, lift it up gently because it breaks easily; piano con le spese!, go easy on spending!; vacci piano con quel vino: è forte, go easy with that wine, it's very strong.

piano³ s.m.

1 ( terreno pianeggiante) plain; flat land, level land: dopo qualche chilometro di piano, comincia la salita, after some miles on the level, the ground begins to rise; scendere dalla montagna al piano, to go down the mountain to the plain

2 ( superficie piana) plane (anche fis.); surface; top: il piano della tavola, the top of the table; piano di lavoro, work top (o work surface); (amer.) ( in cucina) counter; piano di marmo, marble top; il piano della seggiola, the seat of the chair // piano cottura, hob // piano stradale, road surface // (fis.): piano orizzontale, inclinato, horizontal, inclined plane; piano principale, principal plane; piano di simmetria, plane of symmetry; piano equatoriale, equatorial plane; piano di polarizzazione, plane of polarization // (aer.): piano alare, wing plane; piani di coda, tail unit // (mar.) piano di galleggiamento, water plane // (mecc.) piano di riscontro, surface plate // (ferr.) piano di caricamento, loading platform // (geol.): piano stratigrafico, stage; piano di stratificazione, bedding plane; piano di faglia, fault plane

3 ( di casa) floor, storey; (di nave, autobus) deck: il piano superiore di un edificio, the top storey (o floor) of a building; piano terreno, piano terra, ground floor (o amer. first floor); primo piano, first floor (o amer. second floor); abito al terzo piano, I live on the third floor; a due piani, two-storied; autobus a due piani, double-decker; una casa di quindici piani, a fifteen-storied building (o a building of fifteen storeys) // una torta a tre piani, a three-tier (ed) cake

4 ( livello) plane, level: siamo sullo stesso piano, we are on the same plane (o level); mettere due cose sullo stesso piano, to put two things on the same level // un artista di primo piano, an artist of the first rank (o a first-rate artist); una persona di primo piano, a prominent person (o a person in the limelight o in the public eye) // un particolare di secondo piano, a detail of secondary importance // passare in secondo piano, to be overshadowed (o superseded)

5 (arte, fot., cinem.) primo piano, (arte) foreground, (fot., cinem.) close-up

6 (inform.) desk; scheme.

piano⁴ s.m.

1 plan; scheme, project, programme: piano di studi, plan (o programme) of studies; piano di lavoro, schedule (o work programme); piano d'azione, policy; piano operativo, operations plan; fare piani, to plan (o to make plans); avere dei piani per il futuro, to have plans for the future; rovinare, far saltare i piani a qlcu., to wreck s.o.'s plans; la polizia è riuscita a sventare il piano dei rapinatori, the police managed to foil the robbers' plan // (amm.): piano dei conti, chart of accounts (o account classification); piano regolatore, town-planning scheme (o spec. amer. zoning regulations); piano di pensionamento, pension scheme; piano di prepensionamento, job release scheme (o project) // (econ.): piano economico, economic plan; piano quinquennale dell'agricoltura, five-year agricultural plan; piano di investimento, investment plan; piano di riparto degli utili, profit appropriation account; piano di pubblicità, advertising plan; piano delle vendite, sales plan; piano di sviluppo, development plan; piano di sviluppo delle vendite, sales promotion plan; piano di compartecipazione agli utili, profit-sharing scheme; piano di finanziamento, credit scheme; piano di pagamento rateale, time-payment plan; piano verde, Agricultural Development Scheme; piano per la Ricostruzione Economica, piano Marshall, Marshall Plan // ( assicurazioni) piano assicurativo, insurance scheme

2 ( planimetria) plan: il piano di una casa, the plan of a house.

piano⁵ → pianoforte.

* * *

1. agg

1) (piatto) flat, level, (senza asperità) smooth, Mat plane attr

2) (facile) straightforward, simple, (chiaro) clear, plain

2. avv

(lentamente) slowly, (con cautela) carefully, slowly, (a basso volume o voce) softly, quietly

3. sm

Geom plane, (superficie) top, surface, (fig : livello) level, plane, (Geog : pianura) plain

- piano inclinato

- piano di lavoro

- piano stradale

1. sm

(progetto: anche) Mil plan, (industriale) design, (programma) work plan

- piano di battaglia

- piano di guerra

- piano regolatore

- piano di studi

- piano di volo

Mus piano

* * *

1) (piatto) [ superficie] flat, level, even

2) mat. [geometria, figura] plane

3) (semplice) [spiegazione, discorso] plain, clear, simple

4) ling.

5) sport

6) in piano (orizzontalmente)

1) (con delicatezza) [partire, frenare] slowly, gently

2) (a bassa voce) [ parlare] softly, gently, quietly

3) (lentamente) [avvicinarsi, camminare] slowly

4) pian(o) piano little by little

••

sostantivo maschile

1) (superficie piana) flat surface; (di tavolo, mobile) top

2) (terreno pianeggiante) plain, flat land

3) (livello) level

4) cinem. fot. (inquadratura)

5) (di edificio) floor, storey BE, story AE; (di autobus, aereo) deck

•

sostantivo maschile

1) (programma) plan, scheme, programme BE, program AE

2) (progetto) plan, layout

•

* * *

/'pjano/

I aggettivo

 1 (piatto) [ superficie] flat, level, even; piatto piano dinner plate

 2 mat. [geometria, figura] plane

 3 (semplice) [spiegazione, discorso] plain, clear, simple

 4 ling. parola -a = word having an accent on the penultimate syllable

 5 sport cento metri -i hundred metres sprint

 6 in piano (orizzontalmente) posare qcs. in piano to lay sth. (down) flat

II avverbio

 1 (con delicatezza) [partire, frenare] slowly, gently; piano! piano! easy (does it)! steady! vacci piano con il gin! go easy on the gin!

 2 (a bassa voce) [ parlare] softly, gently, quietly; parla più piano lower your voice

 3 (lentamente) [avvicinarsi, camminare] slowly; vai più piano! slow down!

 4 pian(o) piano little by little

IDIOMS

chi va piano va sano e va lontano prov. slow and steady wins the race.

————————

/'pjano/

Quando ci si riferisce al piano di un edificio, bisogna ricordare che in inglese britannico piano terra si dice ground floor mentre primo / secondo... piano si traducono first / second... floor. In inglese americano, piano terra si dice invece first floor, cosicché il primo piano sarà second floor ecc. Si ricordi anche che si usa floor per indicare il singolo piano ( abito al quinto piano = I live on the fifth floor) ma storey per indicare il numero dei piani di un edificio ( un grattacielo di 55 piani = a 55-storey skyscraper).

sostantivo m.

 1 (superficie piana) flat surface; (di tavolo, mobile) top

 2 (terreno pianeggiante) plain, flat land

 3 (livello) level; mettere due persone sullo stesso piano to put two people on the same level; balzare in primo piano [notizia, problema] to come to the fore; passare in secondo piano [persona, problema] to be pushed (in)to the background, to take second place; di primo piano [personaggio, ruolo] leading; [opera, evento] major; di secondo piano [personaggio, ruolo, evento] minor

 4 cinem. fot. (inquadratura) primo piano close-up; in primo piano in close-up, in the foreground; secondo piano middle distance

 5 (di edificio) floor, storey BE, story AE; (di autobus, aereo) deck; primo piano first BE o second AE floor; al piano superiore o di sopra upstairs, on the next floor; al piano inferiore o di sotto downstairs, on the floor below

COMPOUNDS

piano americano cinem. thigh shot; piano ammezzato mezzanine; piano di cottura hob; piano interrato basement; piano di lavoro worktop; piano sequenza cinem. sequence shot; piano stradale roadway, road surface.

————————

/'pjano/

sostantivo m.

 1 (programma) plan, scheme, programme BE, program AE; piano quinquennale five-year plan; fare -i to make plans; tutto è andato secondo i -i everything went according to plan

 2 (progetto) plan, layout

COMPOUNDS

piano d'azione plan of action; piano di battaglia mil. battle map; fig. plan of action; piano pensionistico o di pensionamento pension plan; piano regolatore = urban planning regulations; piano di studi univ. = list of courses that a university student plans to take in a term.

————————

/'pjano/ ⇒ 34

→  pianoforte.

plat, plate [pla, plat]

1. adjective

   a. flat

• chaussure plate flat shoe

   b. [style] dull

   c. ( = obséquieux) il nous a fait ses plus plates excuses he made the humblest of apologies to us

2. masculine noun

   a. ( = récipient, mets) dish ; ( = partie du repas) course ; ( = contenu) plate(ful)

• il en a fait tout un plat (inf) he made a song and dance about it (inf)

• il lui prépare de bons petits plats he makes tasty little dishes for her

   b. ( = partie plate) flat (part) ; [de main] flat

• course de plat flat race

• il y a 3 km de plat there's a 3km flat stretch

• faire du plat à qn (inf) [+ femme] to try to pick sb up

► à plat

• mettre qch à plat to lay sth down flat ; (figurative) to have a close look at sth

• remise à plat [de dossier, problème, situation] thorough review

• être à plat [pneu, batterie] to be flat ; [personne] (inf) to be run down

• tomber à plat [remarque, plaisanterie] to fall flat

   c. (en plongeant) faire un plat to do a belly flop

3. compounds

► plat cuisiné (chez un traiteur) ready-made meal

► plat du jour

• quel est le plat du jour ? what's today's special? ► plat de résistance main course ; (figurative) pièce de résistance

* * *

plate pla, plat adjectif

1) ( sans relief) [fond, surface, pays] flat; [mer] smooth

2) ( peu profond) [chapeau, caillou, paquet] flat; [bateau] flat-bottomed; [montre, briquet] slimline; [cheveux] limp

3) ( sans talon) [chaussure] flat

4) fig [goût] bland; [vin] insipid; [style, description] lifeless; [traduction] flat; [texte] dull

nom masculin

1) (pour cuire, servir) dish

2) ( aliments servis) dish

3) ( partie d'un repas) course

4) ( partie plate)

5) ( terrain plat) flat ground

à plat locution adverbiale

1) ( horizontalement)

2) ( hors d'usage)

3) (colloq) ( sans énergie)

4) ( en ordre)

•

- plat de côtes

- plat cuisiné

- plat du jour

- plat à poisson

- plat de résistance

••

* * *

1. adj

1) (surface, relief) flat

2) (= ennuyeux) (personne, livre) dull

3) (= fade) (vin) flat-tasting

4) (autres locutions)

2. nm

1) (= récipient) dish

2) CUISINE (= mets) dish

3) (= partie plate) flat part

4) (autres locutions)

* * *

plat, plate

A adj

1 ( sans relief) [fond, surface, pays, terrain] flat; [mer] smooth; un terrain parfaitement plat a perfectly flat plot of land; être plate, avoir la poitrine plate to be flat-chested; électroencéphalogramme plat electroencephalograph showing a flat trace;

2 ( peu profond) [chapeau] flat; [bateau, embarcation] flat-bottomed; ( sans épaisseur) [caillou, paquet] flat; [montre, calculatrice, briquet] slimline; [cheveux] limp;

3 ( sans talon) [chaussure, soulier] flat; ⇒ couture;

4 ( fade) [saveur, goût] bland; [vin] insipid; ( sans caractère) [style, description] lifeless; [traduction] flat; [texte, discours] dull;

5 ( humble) faire de plates excuses à qn to apologize abjectly to sb.

B nm

1 (pour cuire, servir) dish; plat de porcelaine/d'argent china/silver dish;

2 ( aliments servis) dish; plat froid/chaud cold/hot dish; un plat de spaghetti/viande a dish of spaghetti/meat; un bon petit plat a tasty dish; ⇒ vengeance;

3 ( partie d'un repas) course; plusieurs plats au choix a choice of several courses;

4 ( partie plate) le plat de la main the flat of one's hand; le plat d'un couteau the flat of a knife;

5 ( terrain plat) flat ground; courir sur du plat to run on the flat.

C plate nf

1 Naut flat-bottomed boat;

2 Hist piece of plate armour^GB.

D à plat loc adv

1 ( horizontalement) [mains, pieds] flat; poser or mettre qch à plat to lay sth down flat; pose les livres à plat sur mon bureau lay the books down flat on my desk; dormir à plat to sleep without a pillow; à plat ventre lit flat on one's stomach; dormir à plat ventre to sleep flat on one's stomach; se mettre à plat ventre devant qn fig to grovel in front of sb; tomber à plat [plaisanterie, remarque] to fall flat;

2 ( hors d'usage) [pneu] flat; [batterie] flat GB, dead;

3 ○( sans énergie) être à plat [personne] to be run down; sa maladie l'a mis à plat his illness really took it out of him○;

4 ( en ordre) mettre/remettre qch à plat [comptes, activité, dossier] to review sth from scratch; une mise à plat du système fiscal est envisagée a complete review of the tax system is planned.

plat de côtes top rib of beef; plat cuisiné Comm ready-cooked meal; ( chez soi) dish that takes time and trouble; plat du jour today's special, dish of the day; plat à légumes vegetable dish; plat de nouilles○ pej drip○ péj; plat à poisson serving dish for fish; plat de résistance Culin main course; fig main item; plat à tarte pie dish; plates côtes Culin top rib ¢ of beef.

faire un plat○ ( en natation) to do a belly flop○; faire du plat à qn○ to chat sb up○ GB, to come on to sb○; mettre les petits plats dans les grands○ to go to town on a meal○; mettre les pieds dans le plat○ to put one's foot in it; faire tout un plat de qch○ to make a song and dance about sth○ GB, to make a big deal about sth.

( féminin plate) [pla, plat] adjectif

1. [plan, horizontal - terrain] flat, level ; [ - mer] still

2. [non profond] flat, shallow

3. [non saillant] flat

4. [non épais - montre, calculatrice] slimline

5. [sans hauteur - casquette] flat

6. [médiocre - style] flat, dull, unexciting

[sans saveur - vin] insipid

7. [obséquieux] cringing, fawning

8. [non gazeux] still, non-sparkling

9. LITTÉRATURE → link=rime rime

10. GÉOMÉTRIE [angle] straight

————————

nom masculin

1. [partie plate] flat (part)

2. [lieu plan]

ÉQUITATION [course] flat race

3. (familier) [plongeon] belly-flop

4. (familier & locution)

a. [à une femme] to chat somebody up (UK), to give somebody a line (US)

b. [à son patron] to butter somebody up (UK), to sweet-talk somebody

5. [de bœuf]

6. IMPRIMERIE

7. MÉTALLURGIE (small) flat (bar)

————————

plate nom féminin

monkey-boat

————————

à plat locution adjectivale

1. (familier) [fatigué] (all) washed out

2. (familier) [déprimé] down

3. [pneu, batterie, pile] flat

————————

à plat locution adverbiale

1. [horizontalement] flat

a. [robe] to unpick (and lay out the pieces)

b. [projet, problème] to examine from all angles

tomber à plat [plaisanterie] to fall flat

2. [rouler] with a flat (tyre)

————————

à plat ventre locution adverbiale

a. [après avoir été allongé] to flop over onto one's stomach

b. [après avoir été debout] to lie face downwards

ils sont tous à plat ventre devant elle (figuré) they all bow down to her

[pla] nom masculin

1. [contenant] dish

2. [préparation culinaire] dish

3. [partie du menu] course

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

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Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.

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